five ways to leave your lover - part 4 ... declaration of nullity of marriage

couples now utter the words annulment of marriage and psychological incapacity at the slightest sign of trouble in their married life. little do they know that they are actually referring to declaration of nullity rather than annulment of marriage.

these two processes work towards the same end, that is, the formalization of the marital divide, but in reality are entirely of different species.

a petition for annulment of marriage refers to the petition for the dissolution of a voidable marriage while a petition for the declaration of nullity of marriage prays for the court to formally declare that a void marriage is indeed void.

a voidable (or annullable) marriage is one that is considered valid and subsisting until it set aside by a competent court. a void marriage on the other hand, is deemed never to have taken place at all, that's why they use the term void ab initio or void from the beginning.

interestingly, while a void marriage may be considered not to have taken place at all, it can be used as a basis for the criminal prosecution for bigamy. why? because only the court has the power to declare a marriage void. the parties cannot be so presumptuous as to assume that their former marriage is a nullity and therefore they are free to marry again. otherwise, half of the male population of this country would have already self declared their marriage to be void.

in our jurisdiction the following marriages are void:

1. underage marriage - where any (or both) of the parties is (are) below 18 years of age at the time of the celebration of the marriage. in this instance, the marriage is void even if there is parental consent.

2. fake priest marriage - where the person who solemnized the marriage is not legally authorized to do so. examples are marriages solemnized by barangay captains, congressmen, senators, pseudo pastors of fake religions and lawyers. yes lawyers are not authorized to solemnize marriages, only judges, justices, priests and pastors are.

3. unlicensed marriage - where the parties did not secure a marriage license prior to the celebration of marriage unless the marriage was celebrated in articulo mortis (at the point or near death) or the parties have been living together as husband and wife for at least five years without any legal impediment to marry each other.

4. multiple marriage - bigamous, trigamous, quadrogamous, polygamous in other words a marriage contracted while one of the parties has a subsisting marriage (unless that party is a muslim, but that's another story)

5. wrong mistake marriage - where there is mistake as to the identity of the other party to the marriage. example is where the ugly sister deceptively took the place of the prettier one and the groom unknowingly gave his i do. and when the veil is lifted...

6. second gloria marriage - where a widow or widower contracted a marriage without distributing legitimes to the children, the second marriage would be void. so single men/women on the prowl for rich widow/widower, beware, his/her fortune is not your fortune.

7. p.i marriage - the p.i. here does not refer to the popular cusswords used to describe the sexual proclivity of the mother of one's enemy. this refers to a marriage where one or both parties are psychologically incapacitated to perform the essential marital obligations. this is the most popular ground being invoked nowadays but it also entails the most expenses. technically speaking, it is the hardest to prove because the incapacity should be grave, preexisting and incurable.

8. incestous (kapamilya) marriage - marriages between ascendants and descendants of any degree and between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood. the scientific reasons for this is marriages between relatives usually result in inbreeding, with the resultant offsprings in some cases suffering from some kind of abnormalities. also it offends against common decency, propriety and societal mores.

9. kakahiya (kapuso) marriage. marriages between relatives up to fourth civil degree (first cousins beware), step parents and step children, parents in law and children in law, adopter and adopted, two adopted children of the same adopter, adopted child and legitimate child of the adopter, the hired gun and the widow or widower. incidentally, the law does not prohibit a marriage between an adopted child and the illegitimate child of the adopter.

yes virginia, there are grounds for the declaration of nullity of marriage other than psychological incapacity of one or both of the parties. so don't jump the gun and invoke p.i. like a mantra. make a self assessment first. you might just find an applicable ground which is easier to prove and less costly to boot.

next. last installment. annulment of marriage

melancholia

i have always been fascinated by songs with tragic themes: the unrequited love, the heart rending break up, the forbidden affair, the guy pining for her lost love, the suppressed and unexpressed feelings, the selfless love that requires the utmost sacrifice of letting go. this kind of song makes me close my eyes and sing every syllable with heartfelt conviction. the latest song that caught my fancy is “goodbye my almost lover”. sung by a fine frenzy, the voice of the girl is so hauntingly melancholic that you could feel the raging grief and conflict inside her as she say adieu to her hopeless dream, the proverbial one that got away. her voice is so choked up with emotions it conjures images of tears welling up in her eyes ready to slowly cascade into her rosy cheeks.

here are the lyrics.

goodbye my almost lover

by: a fine frenzy

Your fingertips across my skin
The palm trees swaying in the wind
Images
You sang me Spanish lullabies
The sweetest sadness in your eyes
Clever trick

Well, I never want to see you unhappy
I thought you’d want the same for me

Goodbye, my almost lover
Goodbye, my hopeless dream
I’m trying not to think about you
Can’t you just let me be?
So long, my luckless romance
My back is turned on you
Should’ve known you’d bring me heartache
Almost lovers always do

We walked along a crowded street
You took my hand and danced with me
Images
And when you left, you kissed my lips
You told me you would never, ever forget
These images

Well, I’d never want to see you unhappy
I thought you’d want the same for me

Goodbye, my almost lover
Goodbye, my hopeless dream
I’m trying not to think about you
Can’t you just let me be?
So long, my luckless romance
My back is turned on you
Should’ve known you’d bring me heartache
Almost lovers always do

I cannot go to the ocean
I cannot drive the streets at night
I cannot wake up in the morning
Without you on my mind
So you’re gone and I’m haunted
And I bet you are just fine

Did I make it that easy
To walk right in and out of my life?

Goodbye, my almost lover
Goodbye, my hopeless dream
I’m trying not to think about you
Can’t you just let me be?
So long, my luckless romance
My back is turned on you
Should’ve known you’d bring me heartache
Almost lovers always do.

just click on the imeem player on the right and be engulfed with emotions

five ways to leave your lover part 3 - legal separation

apart but still together

psst!! want to break free from your husband and get your sweet revenge at the same time. then read on....

in the olden days, prior to the famous article 36 of the family code, couples trapped in loveless marriages know the law on legal separation by heart. to them, this is the light, nay the only flicker, at the end of the long, dark, and narrow tunnel. it doesn't matter if this provision only gives them a hybrid of a freedom, a half liberation, a semi redemption. better than nothing they surmised. better to be leashed than be shackled.

in theory, legal separation is easier to prove than declaration of nullity. the grounds provided are those which occur after all of the wedding gifts have already been opened, when the euphoria of honeymoon is already over and when the couples have already realized that cute and funny, when seen on a daily basis, is sometimes corny and irritating.

this particular provision of the family code provides for the exception to the "no return, no exchange" policy in marriage. meaning, even in marriage, the law is aware that there is such a thing as "buyer's remorse."

why buyer's remorse?

because this law presumes the validity of the transaction (marriage) yet allows the parties to disregard it on various legal grounds.

because this law recognizes the possibility that an otherwise perfectly valid marriage in theory could sometimes be totally imperfect in practice and the parties should be allowed to live separately for their mutual benefit.

the grounds provided by the law are:

Art. 55. A petition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds:

(1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner;
(2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation;
(3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement;
(4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned;
(5) Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent;
(6) Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent;
(7) Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad;
(8) Sexual infidelity or perversion;
(9) Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or
(10) Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year.

the law on legal separation provides for various grounds applicable to diverse situations.

the battered woman can invoke ground no. 1, and stop the daily punching and cursing sessions inflicted to her by her loving husband.

a woman imprisoned in a denomination totally averse to her religious conviction can finally break free from the spiritual tyranny she has to endure.

the wife can sever her marital bonds from the husband who is languishing in jail for having raped his own daughter,

a man could not be forced to remain married to a woman who has the same sexual preference as him. imagine the feeling of inadequacy that this man has to endure daily.

a wife could not be made to suffer the indignity of her husband's demand for "menage-a-trois"

the suffering of the abandoned spouse who has no clue on her husband's whereabouts can be put to an end thru this law.

if granted, the petition for legal separation shall have the following effects:

(1) The spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other, but the marriage bonds shall not be severed;
(2) The absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but the offending spouse shall have no right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, which shall be forfeited in accordance with the provisions of Article 43(2);
(3) The custody of the minor children shall be awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and
(4) The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting from the innocent spouse by intestate succession. Moreover, provisions in favor of the offending spouse made in the will of the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of law. (106a)

but why file a petition for legal separation and not a declaration for nullity of marriage?

this route is taken by those who do not want anything to do with their exes but still want to have a modicum of control to the lives of the other half just to have their sweet revenge.

why sweet revenge?

because couples who are legally separated can not legally enter into a new marriage. in legal separation, the marriage bond is not severed. consequently the offended ex wife or the ex husband would be happy with the thought that no matter what, the new flavor of the month would always be a querida or a boy toy. then they could always mouth these famous words

"you're nothing but a second rate trying hard copycat"

five ways to leave your lover - part 2 ... declaration of presumptive death

the return of the living dead

not every marriage is a "they live happily ever after" affair. some unions, beds of roses, certainly are not. the shelf life of some marital relationships are too short, they should be appended with "perishable goods, do not delay"

some husbands, not the majority, i suppose, wish their wives dead because, they reason out, they are as cold as a corpse in bed anyway, only uglier. some wives have already killed their husbands in their fantasies because apparently they are as useful as a carcass when they are drunk (and as useless when they are sober.)

but for the initiated, they simply do the next best thing. they ask the court to declare their absentee spouses presumptively dead for the purpose of ahem... the proverbial second heaven, also known as marrying the post man or the meter reader or the tricycle driver or whoever is waiting in the wings.

the legal basis for the forsaken and forlorn spouse to finally stop gazing at the horizon in search of the ship carrying his long lost love can be found in Article 41 of the Family Code which provides:

Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during subsistence of a previous marriage shall be null and void, unless before the celebration of the subsequent marriage, the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code, an absence of only two years shall be sufficient.

For the purpose of contracting the subsequent marriage under the preceding paragraph the spouse present must institute a summary proceeding as provided in this Code for the declaration of presumptive death of the absentee, without prejudice to the effect of reappearance of the absent spouse.

the above quoted paragraph provides for yet another reference to a bigamous marriage, that is, one that is contracted during the subsistence of another. while as a rule the subsisting marriage should first be annuled or declared a nullity before one can contract a second "life sentence", this law provides an exception, a different take, a novel approach.

why different you may ask. different in such a way, that the first marriage, is not declared a nullity by the court. it remains perfectly valid and without defect even after the petition is granted by the court. the first marriage however is automatically dissolved not by the fiat of the court but as a natural consequence of the death (presumptive) of one of the spouse. marriage, being "a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman" it is axiomatic that it autoexpires when any of the contractors die, albeit presumptively, because a union requires two living and breathing individuals. no one can maintain a union by himself. it takes two, not only to tango, but to maintain a marriage.

in order to avail of this remedy however, there are certain requirements to be satisfied.

first. that the prior spouse, has been absent for four consecutive years.

the law is very clear and unambiguous in its requirement that the period of disappearance must be consecutive, meaning continuous, uninterrupted and unbroken. the law does not consider cumulative absences, otherwise half of the self-annointed lotharios in our land would have been declared dead already for their occasional disappearances while having their high noon trysts.

the four consecutive years may be shortened to two consecutive years if the absentee spouse disappeared under fhe following circumstances:

(1) A person on board a vessel lost during a sea voyage, or an aeroplane which is missing,


(2) A person in the armed forces who has taken part in war,

(3) A person who has been in danger of death under other circumstances a

note: this abbreviated periods of four years and two years are applicable only for purposes of remarriage. for other purposes, longer periods are required. but that's another story altogether.

second. that the spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead.

the key word here is well-founded belief. many a petition of this nature has been denied because of failure to prove the well founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. belief, being a state of mind, is subjective, difficult to concretize and still harder to describe to the court. petitioners, in order to prove this well founded belief, have invariably alleged the almost superhuman efforts they have exerted, the unceasing inquiries they have previously made, the fruitless journeys to the ends of the earth and back, the almost futile exercise of writing letters to the last known addresses of their lost loves. that radio, print and tv advertisements have also been resorted to is underscored for the appreciation of the court. suspicion, after all, is not equivalent to well founded belief.

third. a summary proceedings for the declaration of presumptive death is filed in court and it was granted.

as the law provides, the present spouse can only remarry after the court has declared the absentee spouse to be presumptively dead. otherwise, the present spouse would be committing bigamy.

fourth. that the absentee spouse does not rise from the grave and reappear

this route however is not without its pitfalls. the law cautions that the second marriage would automatically be terminated by the reappearance of the presumptively dead spouse. all he/she has to do is to file an "affidavit of reaapearance" in the local civil registry and the second marriage would be automatically terminated as provided in Article 42 which states:

Art. 42. The subsequent marriage referred to in the preceding Article shall be automatically terminated by the recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the absent spouse, unless there is a judgment annulling the previous marriage or declaring it void ab initio.

A sworn statement of the fact and circumstances of reappearance shall be recorded in the civil registry of the residence of the parties to the subsequent marriage at the instance of any interested person, with due notice to the spouses of the subsequent marriage and without prejudice to the fact of reappearance being judicially determined in case such fact is disputed

then..... hell hath no fury like a spouse declared presumptively dead.

five ways to leave your lover - part 1. recognition of foreign divorce

The buzzword among couples whose marriage is on the rocks is ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE. For most couples, the ANNULMENT of their marriage is the control-alt-del keys of their lives. The reboot. The reshuffling of the deck. It is likewise the proverbial bridge that they have to cross to reach the promised haven of the life anew.

In pursuance of the second heaven (yes Virginia, there is “pangalawang gloria”), so many couples have resorted to this process that it would not have been totally inappropriate for them to have included the following phrase in their marital vows:

“Till death and ....annulment do us part”

But nobody can blame some of these couples for wanting to escape their domestic purgatory. Nobody could begrudge them for quitting on saving their dying marriage, for throwing in the towel, so to speak, for stopping to care at all and for wanting to start afresh. Not me. Nor should you.

Because nobody could feel the depths of despair of the battered housewife who is being brutally abused day in and day out by the husband whose idea of exercise is to probe the breaking point of his wife's flesh. No one could approximate the gnawing pain of the cuckolded husband whose jealousy is slowly eating away at his sanity. And how can one be judgmental when it is not one’s children who is exposed to the daily spectacle of marital shouting and shoving and strangling match.

But ANNULMENT is not the one all and be all of dissolution of marriage. In fact, on paper it requires the satisfaction of the most stringent of requirements before it is granted. It likewise entails the most cost. However, there are other alternative processes with which couples could unshackle the bonds of the loveless and decaying marriage but which the common lay men are not familiar with. If the immediately preceding paragraph has hit you like a brick in the head, then read on…


FIVE WAYS TO LEAVE YOUR LOVER (with apologies to SIMON & GARFUNKEL).

1. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DIVORCE
2. DECLARATION OF PRESUMPTIVE DEATH OF ONE'S SPOUSE
3. LEGAL SEPARATION
4. DECLARATION OF NULLITY OF MARRIAGE
5. ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE

This humble blogger will try to dissect the different ways of legally dissolving your unhappy and hopeless marital bondage. I'll give you the road map, you choose the preferred escape route.

1. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DIVORCE.

Previously, a foreign divorce was not recognized in our jurisdiction. As it was then, a foreigner husband who had successfully obtained a divorce outside of the Philippines can freely remarry his next trophy wife while the Filipino spouse is still at the mercy of our laws being married to the spouse who is no longer married to her. It was really an an unfair and questionable rule. But dura lex sed lex. (the law is harsh but it is the law)

Then came this law:

Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4), (5) and (6), 3637 and 38. (17a)

Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law. (As amended by Executive Order 227)

The rationale for the passage of the above quoted law is to equalize the right of the foreign spouse with that of the Filipino spouse. Now, the spurned Filipino spouse can remarry too. . All she has to do is to file a petition before the court for the recognition of the decree of divorce validly obtained abroad and pray that the court declare his or her capacity to remarry under our Philippine jurisdiction.

Earlier jurisprudence required the other spouse must be a foreigner at the time of marriage, he/she should have thereafter validly obtained a decree of divorce abroad and such decree grants him/her the right to remarry. Lately, the court has relaxed the rule and granted the same privilege even to filipino citizens who later became naturalized citizens of other countries.

Among the five alternatives, this is the easiest to prove and is almost always granted by the court. This is also the the most painless, least acrimonious and least contested process because at this stage the couple has already (or almost ) moved on with their own lives. This process is a mere formalization of the marital divide. Cost is likewise not substantial since no psychological examination is required.

Feel free to post your comments. For inquiries email me at cyberlawyer2020@yahoo.com

Next: Declaration of Presumptive Death. The Second Escape Route

caught in the act

Few people know that there is a legal way a husband or a wife could kill his/her spouse without having to be incarcerated in jail. Fewer people are aware that a parent can evade prosecution even if he kills and maims his daughter's boyfriend.

Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code involves death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances. It provides that:

"Any legally married person who having surprised his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro.

If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any other kind, he shall be exempt from punishment.

These rules shall be applicable, under the same circumstances, to parents with respect to their daughters under eighteen years of age, and their seducer, while the daughters are living with their parents."

Technically speaking, Article 247 instead of defining a felony endeavors to define the circumstances where a person may be exempt from the commission of a crime. Destierro is not a penalty but more of a preventive banishment so that the relatives of the dead fornicators may not exact revenge against the killer.

In the case of the offended husband/wife, the abovequoted law applies only when the following essential elements are present:

1. legally married to the spouse;

2. he/she must surprise the spouse;

3. the spouse must be surprised en flagrante delicto, meaning in the act of coitus.

4. he/she must have killed the spouse and his/her lover while they were in the act of sexual intercourse or immediately thereafter.

Of all the above elements the 3rd and 4th ones have generated the most colorful jurisprudence.

The Supreme court in one case has to resolve the issue of whether or not the husband should patiently wait for the fornicators to have coitus before he could barge in and kill them. The settled rule is that there must be actual sexual intercourse and not merely preparatory acts (foreplay). This led one justice to vociferously dissent and say:

"must the offended husband look on in the meantime and wait until the very physical act of coition takes place? This interpretation is far from being rational and certainly does violence to the reason and purpose of the law."

And in another case the high court convicted the husband of homicide because he killed his wife one day after he has caught her with another man saying "the killing was not the byproduct of the husband's rage"

for the parent however there are stricter requirements. the daughter must be under eighteen years of age, she must be living in with the parent and again if they were surprised by the parent in the act of sexual intercourse.

the lesson to be learned here.....

long foreplay may save your life.

Violence Against Women

you know what really makes my blood boil? what makes the vein in my head swell to near aneurismic proportion?

It is a husband inflicting violence upon his wife.

a wife beater in my dictionary belongs to the lowest of the species, lower than that of a cockroach or that of a maggot.

a maggot for all its slime will not feast on the carcass of his own kind but a wife beater would sometimes do upon his "love ones" things he dare not commit against his worst enemy.

there are many cockroaches er.. wife beaters near you, you just don't recognize them yet.

a wife beater sometimes takes the form of a meek lamb in front of people he is afraid of then unleash his most vicious sucker punch upon his wife when he gets home. a wife beater may be your brother who rarely raise his voice in anger in public but subjects his wife to her private hell hole at the slightest provocation. a future wife beater is your present boyfriend who whispers sweetly in your ears about his undying love for you right after he bitch- slapped you during an argument.

isn't it the height of cowardice to raise your hand upon a defenseless and hapless invdividual. isn't it a sign of moral depravity to strike the woman who bore and care for your children. isn't it subhuman to spew unprintable curses and spit venom to someone who share your bed.

what one must do when you are sleeping with the enemy? what one must do when your tormentor is also your love one.

there is however hope. brought by the enactment of Republic Act No. 9262, known as the ''Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004,''

This new law defines violence against women as any act or series of acts committed against wives, former wives, or women in any form of intimate relationship with the perpetrator, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse. It considers these acts of violence a public offense, and provides for protective measures and other necessary relief for the survivor victims. The Republic Act also recognizes ''battered woman syndrome'' as a defense, and those found to be suffering from it do not incur any civil and criminal liability, notwithstanding the absence of any of the elements for justifying circumstances of self-defense.

women: note to self: be not afraid

the law in us

I must confess I almost dropped out of law school during my first two weeks. I remember our professor assigned to us 50 articles to read and I wanted to memorize them, but I couldn't. In frustration, I even asked my wife to tell me to drop out so that I'd have some excuse, but fortunately she refused, saying that I and no one else, should make that decision.

I then accepted the fact that i would just be one of the many casualties of the hell hole called law school, one of those whose dreams of becoming litigators were snuffed out by the cruel, tyrannical and almost sadistic way professors treat freshmen.

This attitude however changed when I made my first recitation. I did not quote Manresa, I did not recite the law verbatim, I couldn't even remember the number of the article I was then reciting. I just answered as a layman, no fuss nor frills but straight from the heart of what I thought the law means and my professor seemed to be satisfied. In fact more than satisfied, as I espied a tiny hint of a smile in his otherwise stern visage.

Then it dawned on me.

The law it seems cannot only be found in textbooks, nor in the library.
It can not only be found in the august halls of congress nor exclusively in the hallowed corridors of the courts.
The law has been and will always be found in our hearts.

Ang batas ay nasa ating puso.
The law is in our values, in our mannerisms and in our experiences.
We are the living embodiment of the law... its personification.... its concrete manifestation.

From the very first moment I was told by my parents to return whatever things i found to its rightful owner, i was taught the principles of solutio indebiti, accion in rem versoand unjust enrichment.

Ang paguwi sa tamang oras or else mapapagalitan ako introduced me to the harshness of martial law and the jurisdictional character of the reglementary periods.

When i was told not to answer back while my father is speaking, I experienced for the first time that freedom of expression can sometimes be curtailed.

Failure to call home when i have to stay overnight in a friend's place means an instant lesson in criminal law and its attendant punishment.

When i run to my mother while my father is chasing me with a belt, that is remedial law at work, although my father almost always apply for execution pending appeal and succeeds in hitting my butt while my mother is deliberating whether or not to grant temporary injunction.

These experiences and the values that my parents taught me guided me through the perilous waters of law school. That when in doubt, I just need to recall the good manners and right conduct that I learned in kindergarten, the ten commandments that I've read in the bible and the golden rule that i should not do unto others what i wouldn't want others do unto me. These have served me well in law school. Come to think of it, these has served me well in life too. I hope these might serve you well too.

They say our batch should be called the golden batch because we were supposed to usher in a golden era of excellence and greatness. I say we should be called the survivor batch. A gritty and hardy bunch who survived the usual massacre inflicted upon the graduating class. From about two hundred hopefuls, only half of those are in here today. We are therfore very privileged and honored, and it is only fitting that we should strive to be worthy of this honor. If we can survive fourth year then we could survive the Bar. If others can pass, all of us here can do the same and.. do even better. Our imagination is our only limit. Nobody and absolutely nobody can make us feel inferior without our consent.

xxxxx